Quinine (US /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, /kwɪˈniːn/ or UK /ˈkwɪniːn/ kwin-een) is a white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatoryproperties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine, which, unlike quinine, is an antiarrhythmic. Quinine contains two major fused-ring systems: the aromatic quinoline and thebicyclic quinuclidine. Quinine occurs naturally in the bark […] read more

Ephedrine (i/ɨˈfɛdrɪn/ or /ˈɛfɨdriːn/; not to be confused with ephedrone) is a sympathomimeticamine and substituted amphetamine commonly used as a stimulant, concentration aid,decongestant, appetite suppressant, and to treat hypotension associated with anaesthesia. Ephedrine is similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs phenylpropanolamine andmethamphetamine, as well as to the important neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline). Chemically, it […] read more

Benzylpenicillin (INN, AAN, BAN), commonly known as penicillin G, (USAN) is a narrow spectrumpenicillin antibiotic that is given intravenously or intramuscularly as a treatment for syphilis,meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, lung abscessesand septicaemia in children.[1] Penicillin G is typically given by injection parenterally, bypassing the intestines, because it is unstable in the highly acidic stomach. Because the […] read more

Morphine (INN)/ˈmɔrfiːn/), sold under many trade names, is a pain medication of the opiate type. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be used for bothacute pain and chronic pain. Morphine is also frequently used for pain from myocardial infarctionand during labour. It can be […] read more

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloidfound in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) and a stimulant drug. Nicotine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist,[3][4] (a Na⁺/K⁺ ionophore through neural postsynaptic membranes in mammals and insects) except atnAChRα9 and nAChRα10 where it acts as anantagonist.[3] It is made in the roots of and accumulates in […] read more

Salicin is an alcoholic β-glucoside. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced in willow bark.[2]Salicin is also commonly found in the bark of Populus species, and the leaves of willows and poplars. It is also found in castoreum, which was used as ananalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. The activity of castoreum has been credited to […] read more