FACT: The thalloid liverwort has distinct-crescent shaped gemmae cups on the surface of the thalli. A rain droplet will splash out gemmae from cups and away from the parent, resulting in asexual reproduction. 

FACT: The middle of the thallus is multistratose and is generally where you can find rhizoids. As you near the unistratose margins, the thallus appears somewhat translucent and the edges are often wavy. The sporangium is rounded, and a shoot calyptra is present.

FACT: Able to undergo asexual fragments through their cauducous (easily broken off) leaves, resulting in denuded (naked) stems which is why this genus is called denudata.

FACT: This leafy liverwort can be found sharing the trunk of a tree with Lepidozia reptans and Hypnum circinale, and forms turfs on the substratum. The lateral leaves are unequally bilobed, with the dorsal lobe being smaller than the ventral, and have toothed margins; underleaves are absent.

FACT: Like other hornworts, the sporophyte can be seen emerging from the thalloid. Spore dispersal occurs via two lines of dehiscence.

FACT: The lateral leaves of this liverwort are shallowly bilobed and sharply pointed, appearing as devil’s horns. Once a sporophyte emerges from perianth, the sporangium will open via four lines of dehiscence to release spores, a common characteristic in this class of bryophytes. 

The organs of clams are surrounded by watery blood that contains nutrients and oxygen. Point Value: 1 Ptero Tidbit: Pterosaur began life on the ground, hatching from eggs.

The organs of clams are surrounded by watery blood that contains nutrients and oxygen. Point Value: 1 Ptero Tidbit: Pterosaur began life on the ground, hatching from eggs.

This extinct shrimp is named after the German paleontologist Karl Beurlen (1901-1985), who studied fossils in Brazil. Point Value: 1 Ptero Tidbit: The earliest pterosaurs were relatively small and robust, with long tails, short necks and jaws lined with teeth.